Hannah Webster Fosters The Coquette Essay -- Hannah Webster Foster Th

Hannah Webster Foster's The Coquette Eliza Wharton has sinned. She has also seduced, deceived, loved, and been had. With The Coquette Hannah Webster Foster uses Eliza as an allegory, the archetype of a woman gone wrong. To a twentieth century reader Eliza's fate seems over-dramatized, pathetic, perhaps even silly. She loved a man but circumstance dissuaded their marriage and forced them to establish a guilt-laden, whirlwind of a tryst that destroyed both of their lives. A twentieth century reader may have championed Sanford's divorce, she may have championed the affair, she may have championed Eliza's acceptance of Boyer's proposal. She may have thrown the book angrily at the floor, disgraced by the picture of ineffectual, trapped, female characters. We might see similar reactions when placing Foster's novel in an eighteenth century context. But would they be the reactions that Foster anticipated? Were eighteenth century female readers to see The Coquette as an instructional text, or were they supposed to enjoy it without applying it to their own lives? Did she aim to teach her female audience about proper conduct, and to warn about the dangers of the licentious seducer? The book was a best seller; why would this type of text have been so popular? Writing a journal from the perspective of a fictional eighteenth century reader, a mother whose daughter is the age of Eliza's friends, will allow me to employ reader-response criticism to help answer these questions and to decipher the possible social influences and/or meanings of the novel. Though reader-response criticism varies from critic to critic, it relies largely on the idea that the reader herself is a valid critic, that her critique is influenced by time and place,... ...ontagu." [http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/montagu.html#Introductions]. June 1996. 2. Davidson, Cathy. Revoultion and the Word, The Rise of the Novel in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 3. Foster, Hannah Webster. The Coquette. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. 4. Jauss, Hans Robert. Toward an Aesthetic of Reception. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982. 5. Moi, Toril. Sexual Textual Politics. London: Routledge, 1985. 6. Murfin, Ross C. "What is Reader-Response Criticism?" in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston: Bedford, 1991. 7. Rabinowitz, Peter J. "Johns Hopkins Guide to LIterary Theory" [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/hopkins_guide_to_literary_theory/entries/reader-esponse_theory_and_criticism.html]. 1997. 8. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. New York: Penguin, 1992.

Industrialization by Invitation

Industrialisation is the process of social and economic change whereby a social group is transferred from a manual labor based structure to a more technologically driven society and where the economy gains much more capital via manufacturing industries. Caribbean economies have been labeled as weak and dependent, and controlled by stronger foreign states and institutions (The Plantation Economy). Sir Arthur Lewis, St. Lucia? s first Nobel Prize winner, has released several publications on the issue of underdeveloped nations in the Caribbean and solutions to correct this underdevelopment.Of these publications is the concept of ? Industrialisation by invitation?. Lewis felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British West Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development. After Lewis studied the system known as Operation Bootstrap (policy of deli berately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British West Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were mainly agricultural and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to diversify the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term not only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis therefore proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and therefore to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invited to the British West Indies w here they could earn huge profits by employing cheap surplus labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operations, and other concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the result of Sir Lewis’ policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. Several countries within the Caribbean have attempted Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? with the outcomes being mixed. This meaning that it expanded direct foreign investment, injecting capital into local institutions. However, this increase in foreign investment brought about a higher dependency level on technology, raw materials and capital from abroad. Without these investments, the Caribbean would still be in a pre-industrialised state, with little growth in the economies. It has been argued that Caribbean economies have achieved a lot of growth; however without or in fact limited development.Yes, the region? s infrastructure has improved dramatically but their industries and companies are mainly foreign and therefore a substantial amount of profits made are sent abroad. Development therefore has been limited with the major organizations within the economy being foreign and not indigenous. Sir Arthur Lewis? concept of ? Industrialisation by Invitation? was not completely successful since the ? development? of the countries? economies did not reach the limits Lewis predicted.Currently the world market has a major negative effect and influence on the Caribbean economies due to the region? s dependence on foreign investments. Example of an essay on industrialization invitation theory Arthur Lewis Industrializagtion by invita tion To what extent can it be argued that Sir Arthur Lewis policy of ‘Industrialisation by Invitation’ aided in the development of the B. W. I By Jennine Small. According to Nassur Mustapha development is defined as, ‘the progressive process of human, cultural, political, economic and social change, which shapes people’s lives. The southern countries particularly the Caribbean have been classified as developing countries, which are still somewhat dependent on the metropolis which once colonized them. Sir Arthur Lewis in the immediate post- World War II period advocated industrialization of the British West Indies, he adopted a policy called ‘ Industrialisation by Invitation. ’ He felt that this was a step needed to be taken for the British West Indies to develop. Sir Arthur Lewis policy aided in the development of the B. W. I but the policy itself also hindered development as well as left out major aspects of development.The Industrial Revoluti on was one of those historical events which drastically changed societies all over the world. Despite the revolution having its roots in Europe , particularly Britain it then spread to places like the U. S. A and later the Caribbean. Industrialization became the mechanism used for a society to make the transition from a traditional, labour intensive economy based on agriculture (agrarian) to a more capital- intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines , specialized labour and Industrial factories.Sir Arthur Lewis recognized the importance of Industrialisation but realized that the British West Indies could not do it on their own, they would need financial aid, in the form of investments which could stimulate Industrialisation. After Lewis studied the system known as Operation Bootstrap (policy of deliberately inviting foreign direct investors) in Puerto Rico, he set out to adopt and implement similar in the British West Indies.The economies of the British Caribbean were main ly agricultural and there was a need to stimulate industrial growth and trade in manufactured goods, to diversify the economic base, since these economies were mainly monocrop economies. This term not only refers to the dependence on sugar and bananas, it also characterizes the dependence on tourism or the oil industry. Lewis therefore proposed the strategy to invite foreign investment as a way to stimulate growth, not only in industry but also agriculture, and therefore to reduce the dependency on the export sector.He reasoned that the British West Indies had a great abundance of unskilled labour in agriculture and amongst the unemployed. These countries did not have much capital. Thus multinational corporations (MNCs) with millions of dollars at their disposal were to be invited to the British West Indies where they could earn huge profits by employing cheap surplus labour from agriculture. They would also benefit from tax holidays for the first five or ten years of their operatio ns, and other concessions such as subsidies.In other words incentives would be offered to encourage these corporations to invest . Caribbean governments popularly adopted this policy in the 1960s. Several foreign based companies that are established today in the Caribbean are the result of Sir Lewis’ policy. This is most apparent in the tourist industry many foreigners have invested in hotels which employ the majority of people. In Antigua for example, 50% of the population is employed in the tourism industry.In addition to this, infrastructure such as roads and transportation has been developed by governments to complement these businesses. Foreign investors have introduced the latest technologies and influenced the improvement of public services. On the contrary, the policy is very much economically based , its aim is for countries to achieve economic growth. However development also includes other aspects, there is no indication on how foreign investers may positively impa ct the quality of life , welfare or education.Therefore this policy cannot be seen as aiding development in the British West Indies as a whole , as the policy was based primarily on the stimulation of economic growth. In addition, most of the money earned by these investors have been repatriated to their home countries thus money is not invested in the economy, this is a grave issue with serious implications for the tourism industry. The policy eventually failed in the British West Indies, mainly because the Caribbean governments invited the MNCs but did not control them.When the initial period of the tax-free holidays were up they ‘closed up shop' and moved on. They were mainly capital-intensive industries, virtually no provisions were made for training citizens to organize and run similar plants, such as the assembly of motor vehicles and small appliances. Hence no sustainable development. Neo-marxists who came up with the dependency theory, also initially developed their th eory in Latin America. Andre Gunder Frank and Samir Amin were the two theorists associated with this school of thought .Both argued that the third world countries are classified as the Peripheries and the Western/ Industrialised capitalist countries are the core. The former being largely dependent on the latter. The development of the core countries caused the underdevelopment of the periphery since economic surplus was transferred from the latter to the former for expansion purposes. These sociologists recommended that the peripheries need to break the link between them and the core in order to be self- sufficient and independent.Therefore the MNCs can be seen as detrimental according to this perspective dependence is an undesired state and situation . It only causes, injustice, unfairness and exploitation. Following from the dependency theory, we can assert that foreign companies therefore would not be aiding development but hindering it for their metropolis benefit. They would en courage the mindset of preference for foreign goods thus maintaining dependence.It can be seen that the Industrialisation by Invitiation policy is indeed a controversial one when considering whether it has aided development in the Caribbean. There is no doubt that MNCs are an important means to economic development. However in order for a country to develop, the country must have control of its own businesses and resources, move away from traditional economic models that make them dependent on foreigners and also perpetuate the legacy of colonialism in how the Caribbean economy is structured.Grade Profile Knowledge & Understanding – 7/10 Interpretation & Analysis – 7 /10 Synthesis & Evaluation – 7/10 The student demonstrates a very good understanding of the subject matter under examination. Interpreted and evaluated the question well. Student should have named some Companies or a company that emerged as a result of IbyI in their territory and explain the advanta ges and disadvantges of the policy using the ‘live' example as the base. Altogether however this was a good

The Decline Of The United States - 964 Words

The first decline of the U.S. economy occurred (Dezhao, 2006) back in the 1930s during the capitalist world s great economic depression. The second fall took place in the 1970s and 80s, the time which the international competitiveness of U.S. commodities and capital decreased significantly. The third decline occurred late 2000 , the recent financial crisis 2008/9. The reasons and results of the three falls are very different. Following the first two declines, the United States made efforts to alleviate the declines through reform and innovation. There is a lot of uncertainties whether the U.S. economy would be able to ‘recover this time. It seems inevitable that the United States has fallen from the peak of economic supremacy, and it is unable to change the trend of development of the world economy in this current century even if its economy could resurge (Green, 2008). The U.S. economy for sure remains high and will see a relatively long period of development due to the emergence of fresh scientific and technological innovations. As previously stated, the third decline of the US economy occurred in 2008/9, the international financial crisis. The century-rare global financial crisis and world economic recession originated from the US. The United States at this stage was the world financial centre and sole superpower in the world (arguably). Once again the US was the creator of the crisis. Mid-September to late October 2008 - Leman Brothers Holding Inc.,Show MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The United States1411 Words   |  6 Pages1920) over 23 million immigrants migrated to the United States from all corners of the world, with a majority coming from eastern and southern European countries and even Canada and Latin America. The United States became the place where everyone wanted to be and start their life over, to have a better life for their families. 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